How cold it is — kana, waiting for snow, the wintry shadows Matsuo Bashō (1644-1694)

In traditional Japanese poetry, particularly haiku and renga, kireji (切れ字) are cutting words that contribute to the structure, rhythm, and emotional depth of the verses. These words do not have a specific meaning but serve as pivotal elements in the poem. One such kireji is “kana” (哉), which is associated with reflection and contemplation. This article explores the “kana” kireji, its role in Japanese poetry, and its significance for those who do not speak Japanese.

The Role of “Kana” (哉) in Japanese Poetry

The “kana” kireji carries a sense of marvel, doubt, or emotional depth. It is often used at the end of a verse to intensify the feeling, encouraging the reader to contemplate the scene or emotion described in the poem. The use of “kana” in a verse can evoke introspection, allowing the reader to connect more profoundly with the poet’s thoughts and feelings.

Examples of “Kana” (哉) in Haiku

To better understand the impact and usage of the “kana” kireji, examining examples of its use in haiku, a traditional Japanese poetic form consisting of three lines and 17 syllables (5-7-5), is essential. Here are a few examples of haiku featuring the “kana” kireji:

  1. A famous haiku by Matsuo Bashō (1644-1694):

寒さ哉 雪を待つ程 かげろひの

Samusa kana yuki o matsu hodo kagerō no

How cold it is — kana, waiting for snow, the wintry shadows

In this haiku, the “kana” kireji emphasizes the feeling of cold and anticipation of snow, inviting the reader to reflect on the wintry scene.

  1. Another example by Bashō:

荒海や 佐渡に横たふ 天の川

Araumi ya Sado ni yokotau Amanogawa

The rough sea — kana, stretching over to Sado Island, the Milky Way

Here, the “kana” kireji invites the reader to contemplate the vastness and beauty of the sea and the sky.

Understanding “Kana” (哉) for Non-Japanese Speakers

For non-Japanese speakers interested in traditional Japanese poetry, it is crucial to understand the role of kireji like “kana.” When reading a haiku or renga translated into another language, the “kana” kireji may not be explicitly present, but its effect should still be apparent in the translation. The translator should convey the sense of reflection, contemplation, or marvel that “kana” imparts to the verse. As a non-Japanese reader, recognizing the presence of kireji like “kana” and their impact on the poem will deepen your appreciation and understanding of the nuances in traditional Japanese poetry.

The “kana” kireji plays a vital role in traditional Japanese poetry, adding layers of introspection, reflection, and emotional depth to the verses. As the kireji of reflection and contemplation, “kana” helps create a more immersive and contemplative experience for the reader. Understanding the significance and impact of kireji like “kana” is essential for those looking to appreciate the beauty and intricacies of traditional Japanese poetry, regardless of their language background.

J.W. Carey
Latest posts by J.W. Carey (see all)